Modernism and Existential Loneliness Demonstrated in...

Two authors who demonstrate modernism in its rawest form are Joseph Conrad and James Joyce. Both Conrad and Joyce incorporate one of the key characteristics of modernism throughout their works, Conrad in Heart of Darkness and Joyce in The Dead. The key characteristic that each writer targets in on is existential loneliness. It is a predominant theme throughout both of their works. A working definition of existential loneliness as illustrated throughout Conrad and Joyce’s works is the inability of one character to feel accepted by his or her peers, regardless of the close proximities that he or she is resides in. The individual who suffers from existential loneliness is incapable of interacting with on a personal level. He or she†¦show more content†¦In doing so, Kurtz begins to incorporate many of the characteristics of the darkness of Africa. His choice to remain living within the wilderness, replacing â€Å"the original Mr. Kurtz† (Conrad 2177), who wa s refined and educated, reinforces this notion of existential loneliness. He intentionally avoids returning to England because he is no longer able to endure the constrictions that the civilized society is trying to impose upon him. What was once his glamorous youth is replaced with destitution, loneliness, essential desolation; a basic need to simply exist (Conrad 2179). Conrad’s depiction of Kurtz as alienated from the rest of society is an excellent example of existential loneliness to the extreme. Although Kurtz is surrounded by other individuals, specifically savages, he is still very much alienated from the rest of the world; an alienation that Gabriel Conroy, also understands all too well. Gabriel, the protagonist in Joyce’s The Dead, also possesses many of the alienated characteristics that Kurtz demonstrates. Unlike Kurtz, Gabriel continues to remain in the civilized world, but still finds himself being isolated. On the surface Gabriel appears t o be a reliable and content young man, but underneath his exterior lays a misunderstood and very lonely individual. Gabriel’s own recognition of his isolation is

My Motivation For A Student - 865 Words

My main motivation to be a CCM student was the fact that I am a high school senior, and it would make me a challenger student. This is good for college applications. Also, since I am taking college level courses, I can transfer the credits I earn here to the college I plan on attending next year. Aside from these factors, I personally thought it would be a good opportunity to see what college is like and to get a feel for what I like and dislike about college life. Mills’ Theory can be described as the interactions between people and their environment, and explains how society shapes the way people grow and change through the course of their life, as well as how they interact as adults. The theory applies to my new experiences as a high school student attending college, as well as the personal and public issues that students and teachers deal with within the college. The majority of my reasons for attending CCM are structural factors, because they are more prominently caused by social structure (my surroundings); for example, I wouldn’t need to take a college course if I didn’t need to impress an admissions director, and I wouldn’t be in the Challenger program if the credits I earned at the college were non transferable. My main reasons for attending CCM are structural- meaning that my personal decision was heavily influenced by my environment and societal norms. Such norms include the importance of a person going to college, as well as the idea that college will, withoutShow MoreRelatedMy Motivation For Teaching A Student Essay2531 Words   |  11 Pages My motivation for teaching is to make a difference in a students life. The feeling of teaching a child a lesson, and them understanding it, is a rewarding experience for a teacher. 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Belt Slipping Free Essays

University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of PhoenixC is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Belt Slipping or any similar topic only for you Order Now in the United States and/or other countries. MicrosoftO, WindowsO, and Windows NTO are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, r affiliation. ed in accordance witn Universi ty ot Course Description Phoenx editorial standards and practices. This is the capstone course for Organizational Security and Management undergraduate program. The course provides students with the opportunity to integrate and apply specific program knowledge and learning in a comprehensive manner with regard to the areas of risk and threat assessment, physical, personal, and information system(s) security, emergency and critical incident response, and organizational administration and management. Students will evaluate and emonstrate their professional growth with the development of an effective organizational security plan. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality n which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. SEC/480 poltctes Student are required to achieve a minimum grade of â€Å"C in this course. Students who fail to earn a minimum grade of â€Å"C -† in this course must retake the course to satisfy the degree requirement. Course Materials All electronic materials are available on the student website. How to cite Belt Slipping, Papers

Cultural Adjustment Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cultural Adjustment Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; An analysis of cultural dazes # 8221 ; Coming to America was one of my dreams, so I started working on it and after finishing montage, I received the visa for the States and bought the ticket to come to America. I was a small spot baffled because I had been hearing about America since my childhood. There is a immense cultural difference between my society and the modern society of the States, and because of these differences, my friends and I faced some jobs after coming here. These jobs are normally called cultural dazes. By analysing the differences between America and my ain state of Pakistan, in the countries of gender functions, household, matrimony and jubilations, one can see how cultural dazes occur. Since my birth, I have been populating in a society where the work forces and adult females are non all to interact with each other as over here. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Adjustment Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the biggest differences in my civilization and the civilization here. There are normally separate categories for misss and male childs in my society, but over here, there is no construct of this. In add-on, I know you will surprise to gain that holding a fellow for a miss or a girlfriend for a male child is a hard accomplishment. In my society there is a joint household system, the kids live together with their parents whether they are under 18 or non. Over here, there is a construct of # 8220 ; individuality # 8221 ; . Every 1 has an single life, doing their ain determinations for every thing. Here, a individual over 18 populating with his parents is considered an immature individual. In my civilization, a individual non populating with his parents doesn # 8217 ; T hold a respectable topographic point in the society, because it is our societal and spiritual usage to take attention of our parents. Divorce is common here, but in my society it # 8217 ; s non good to even believe about it. Peoples are divorced, but non every bit normally as over here. For illustration, among every 100 married people, possibly merely one is divorced, but over here out of 100, about degree Fahrenheit ifty are divorced or separated. Besides, some twosomes live together without a legal matrimony. One twenty-four hours, I went to a nuptials ceremonial with my uncle.It was one of his friends # 8217 ; nuptialss. I merely sat at that place, inquiring when the people would sing vocals and when the tiffin would get down, but after snoging each other, my uncle # 8217 ; s friend and his married woman went on a long thrust in their auto with a posting on the dorsum stating, # 8220 ; Just got married # 8221 ; . It was truly surprising for me to go to a nuptials like this, because in my civilization, the nuptials ceremonial is for five to six yearss. We sing vocals for the twosome, eat together with the whole household, purchase new apparels for the ceremonial and ask for all our relations and friends. I remember in my brothers marrying at that place were about a 1000 people. Here, for observing a happy juncture, people merely normally go to nines, drink, dance and travel place tardily dark and slumber. In my civilization, it # 8217 ; s wholly different. To observe an juncture, the whole household sits together, negotiations, or goes to any good eating house, but normally we cook our nutrient by our ego. The ladies take over the kitchen, while work forces sit and speak or watch any intelligence channel. Boys make a separate group and watch a film or speak on any interesting subject. So we normally merely talk, talk and talk, and that # 8217 ; s the manner we enjoy ourselves. We do hold a construct that clip is money, so we don # 8217 ; t blow our clip in useless things. As I mention before, both the states have a batch of cultural differences. I truly like some differences and some I don # 8217 ; t. But I believe that with an unfastened head and a friendly attitude, I will be able to do friends, get accustomed to the values, believes and behaviours of the new civilization and possibly acquire to bask my life in the provinces and finally find ways of achieving the dream, to be an applied scientist, as I took my first measure on the American dirt. At the terminal I would wish to state, # 8221 ; The state who can non maintain its ain civilization will last everlastingly # 8221 ; . 32b

History Of Middle America Essays - Agglutinative Languages

History Of Middle America Central America is a land bridge that connects North America to South America. Today, this area of the world is under major reconstruction. Its recent history is filled with civil wars, military dictatorships, and native uprisings. Though the recent economy has turned toward the better, the history of the economy in Central America has not been a fortunate. Poverty, disease, and discontent were common among the people living in this region. Many of the problems faced by these nations date back to the Spanish Colonization of the area. Before the Spanish arrived, this region contained a civilization with a rich written history, sophisticated agricultural systems, and amazing cities. Civilized society in Central America can be traced back thousands of years to around 2,000 B.C. It is believed that around this time the native people began to plant crops instead of hunting animals. Pottery, which was discovered in the Parita Bay region of Panama, is believed to made around 2,130 B.C. and it reflects some South American cultural influences. After 1,000B.C. organized, sedentary farming communities began to sprout, and communication and commerce developed among them. After 500 B.C. an advanced civilization, the Mayas, emerged in the present-day lands of Guatemala and El Salvador. Kaminaljuy? was on of the earlier Mayan cities, and was located in the highlands near present-day Guatemala City. Other Mayan cities arose southeastward, towards Nicaragua (a map of Mayan cities is located at the back of the paper). It is clear that the early Mayan people inhabited the higher terrain in Central America because of the suitable climate, but as the civilization grew, the lowland cities became centers for a higher civilization. In the Mayan cities they developed an advanced system of writing, and with their hieroglyphs on stone monuments, they were able to record their history. Many achievements by the Mayan people exceeded those of the same era Europeans. Among the Mayans brilliant achievements were sculptures, ceramics, paintings, and weaving. They made discoveries in astronomy and mathematics that rivaled the ancient Egyptians, and they also developed complex agricultural and water management systems . A major flaw in the Mayan system included their lack of technology. The Mayan people did not have any tools that would aid them in their daily work, like farming. All work was done by hand, which may have slowed the development of their civilization because they were not able to produce large amounts of food. Map of Major Mayan sites1.Chich?n Itza2. Palenque3. Yaxchil?n4. Bonampak5. Lagartero6. Iazapa7. Kaminaljuy?8. Piedras Negras9. Tikal10. Uaxactun11. Copan12. Cuello13. Tul?m 14. Coba;15. Dzibilchaltun 16. Uxmal Mayan civilization reached its peek between 600 and 900 A.D., reaching a population over 4 million people located mainly in the sites stated above. It was during this period that most of their scientific discoveries took place. It was after 900 A.D. that the stresses of the social structure that the Mayans developed began to ware down. The Mayan agricultural practices caused the depletion of its fertile land. Many Mayan cities were established on soil that appeared to be fertile. However, there were actually large deposits of limestone only a few feet under the topsoil. At many locations in the Maya area, observations can be made in Valle de Naco, where erosion and sedimentation of soils are associated with Maya decline and abandonment. In some cases, it appears that cities were just abandoned, which is probable if fertile land was discovered elsewhere. Wars with neighboring natives, droughts, and diseases are also reasons thought to cause the decline of the Mayas. The Aztec Empire, a trio of Native American tribes consisting of the Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and the Tacuba , has been attributed to the decline of the Mayas. The Aztecs were a war-like civilization, though highly civilized, who were mainly located in present-day Mexico. Some believe that the Aztecs waged war on the Mayas, who were predominately a peaceful culture, and that may have caused their decline. The Aztecs, however, along with the Maya and Inca of Peru, all met their end when the Spanish Empire came to Middle America. The Spanish Empire brought with it many diseases that the Native Americans had not been in contact with, so a large portion of the Native Americans died

SCHILNDLERS LIST AND ROSEWOOD essays

SCHILNDLER'S LIST AND ROSEWOOD essays So much has been said and written about the achievements of Steven Spielberg and his brand of cinema, that the moment we hear about a new Spielberg film being made, we know what to expect. A high quality action movie falling in the genre of science fiction- but when Schindler's List came out, it turned out to be visual treat of a different kind. Schindler's List was unlike most Spielberg films. And it was this aspect of the film that took everyone by surprise and the whole cinema world by storm. A holocaust Drama by Steven Spielberg! Since when did Spielberg get interested in this genre of movie making' And even if he had actually shown interest in history, does he actually know something about capturing Schindler's List release in 1993 answered all those questions and silenced the critics for once and all. It proved that Spielberg wasn't the king of science fiction alone, he was a master movie maker who knows his job well and so it doesn't matter which genre he chooses provided he is actually interested in it. Schindler's List was a different experience for the director, the world of cinematography and film lovers. This wasn't exactly due to the storyline, which was indeed superb, or the performance of its mostly unknown cast that was indeed perfect but mainly because of its cinematography and camera work that was certainly a class apart. The movie was made superbly and techniques it used only enhanced the impact of a powerful storyline. Instead of opting for certain color palette, Spielberg chose to avoid colors completely thereby shooting the entire movie in black and white. Prince (2001) maintains that black and white movies add to the gravity of the issues conveyed and add a serious touch to the film, and this turns out to be absolutely true in the case of Schindler's List where black and white gives the movie a 1940s feel. It makes the movie look more like a serious documentary,...

Planning, assessment and evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Planning, assessment and evaluation - Essay Example The course unit may be done on the lines of a teacher-structured unit or on teacher/student collaborative planning. The model units that prepared here are teacher-structured units. Lesson planning follows from the unit planning process. During unit planning, activities are selected, analyzed, and modified. An initial sequence of lessons is outlined. In essence, lesson planning involves an enhancement of the unit plan to make the day-to-day activities of the class flow more smoothly and produce maximum success. It is necessary to read the Unit overview and the Concept of development sections. Develop an idea about the nature and scope of the unit, and how it fits into the Level. It should be determined that how the unit focus relates to other subjects and how joint learning opportunities may be used to enhance students' experiences. Before moving further create an outline or a web that summarizes the unit. It should show the major concepts to be considered during the unit as well as associated sub concepts and links to other areas of study. In light of what you understand about the unit and the nature of the students in the class, choose learning objectives that you feel are appropriate. Following steps should be considered for teacher-student planning. A lesson plan is a comprehensive and pre... Identifying and sequencing activities. Lesson Plan A lesson plan is a comprehensive and predetermined schedule of every activity of teacher in classroom for achieving optimal results. A lesson plan can be of many forms and types. It usually depends on time span, style of educator and type of subject to be taught. But the basic and main objective of any type of lesson plan is to provide teacher a pre-planned line of action for presenting materials and interacting with learners. The lesson plan should not be merely an action plan but it should provide a useful link between objectives of curriculum and material to be taught. It is important to keep in mind the learning objectives before planning a lesson. Unit & Lesson Plan for English Topic Verb Usage: Tense and Conjugation Objectives: By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. Identify different tenses of verbs - present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect and future perfect. 2. Use the correct verb tense in a given sentence. 3. Conjugate regular verbs into first, second, or third person tenses. Outline: In many achievement tests, there is an entire section of the test devoted to verb tense. Use the following little "trick" to determine which verb tense is the correct one to use in each tense. For present tense, use this sentence, putting your verb in the blank: I ____________ today. For past tense, use this sentence, putting the same verb in the blank: I _____________ yesterday. For future tense, add will plus your verb: I will ____________ tomorrow. For present perfect, add have plus the past participle: I have _____________ many times before. For past perfect, add had plus the past participle: I

EXAM QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS UNIT Essay

EXAM QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS UNIT - Essay Example Various Methods of Waste Management Waste management deals with reducing waste through sustainable production of goods. This sustainability can be achieved through product design and process design. Production notions need to be changed to reduce waste. There are various methods of waste management, including product life cycle management, dematerialisation and industrial eco-management and through eco-friendly designs and eco-technology. Design phase of a product offers maximum possibility of managing waste. Latest Manufacturing Industry Trend A change in trends has been seen in manufacturing industries for attaining sustainable manufacturing by changing from end-of-pipe solutions to centring on product life-cycles for integrating strategies and systems to achieve environmental sustainability. The trend is increasingly shifting towards closed-loop circular manufacturing systems and for new business models (OECD, 2009). Preference for Environment Management Systems for Waste Control Businesses are going for Environment Management Systems (EMS) – integrated environmental strategies and management systems. Application of EMS ensures that environmental issues such as waste management are looked after through enforcement of programmes to achieve related goals, which are inspected for attaining performance level, rectifying problem areas and reviewing of systems for incessant improvement. Dematerialisation for Waste Management Another trend to control waste is dematerialisation wherein resource intensity of products and processes is cut down. It is the reverse end of the scenario for waste management. It is related to reducing and bettering the standard of the resources used in production of goods and services. Dematerialisation can be achieved through reduction in product size, weight, packaging, by increasing product life and variety of uses. Industrial Ecology for Waste Management Industrial Ecology (IE) can yet be another huge step towards waste control, wherein a firm’s by-products can be used by another firm as raw material, thus, reducing resource use and waste creation for the system overall. It offers a dynamic transformation in waste management from simply reducing waste from a specific function or location, to reducing its production at the bigger scale and level of the system as a whole. Role of the Government To analyse the measures taken by the government to manage waste, the government has released the document on Waste Strategy for England 2007. There has been a UK law promulgated from Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive on the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 2003, the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 2007. Further, the government has made it legal to take all possible measures to keep waste less hazardous. It is the legal responsibility of all manufacturers, importers, stockists, logistics, disposal and managers of waste under the Duty of Care Regulations. There has been the provision on landfill tax, which is controlled by HM Revenue and Customs and presently charged ?72/tonne (+VAT) for Active waste and ?2.50/tonne (+VAT) for Inactive waste. Evaluation of NEXT Plc on Waste Management Testing Next Plc on the above theoretical frameworks, as per the NEXT CSR Report 2012, the Company has been successful in 10% additional waste recycling relatively the previous year. Overall, it is using 85% capacity of recycling functional waste.

Disaster Management Paper 1.4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disaster Management Paper 1.4 - Essay Example Security procedures enhance security and the whole preparedness to thwart, react and recover from the underlying acts of catastrophe. Insurance program enables individuals to be put under appropriate insurance life assurance cover in case of any incident. External actions incorporate emergency management office, fire department, police department, emergency medical services, telephone companies and electricity utility. The management office will aids in handling the victims and connecting with the families and diverse offices regarding the emergency (Collins, 2000). Moreover, it will coordinate all the operations of the rescue with all the existing parties. Fire department will aids in putting off the fire within the metropolitan city thus mitigating the underlying situations. It will coordinate all the processes of fire within the city and the kind of the precautions that ought to be taken depending on the type of the fire within the city. Police department will aids in securing the scene to prevent further injuries thus bringing the situation under control. Moreover, it will keep people out of the crime scene and keeping the people at bay from the place of accident. Emergency medical services will aids in offering immediate medication to the people affected to avoid health risks (Collins, 2000). The people involved in the accident will be given first medical attention before taking them to the hospital. The expertise will also handle the situations thereby mitigating health risk. Telephones companies will coordinate will all the operations of the involved parties thus facilitating the entire operation of rescue in time of the accident within the metropolitan

World Systems Theory: Analysis

World Systems Theory: Analysis The World Systems theory was the brain child of Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974. It saw the division of the world into three parts; the core, the semi-peripehry and the periphery. The core meaning those countries which were economically developed such as countries of the Western Europe, the United States of America and Japan. The semi-periphery was in between and was most of the countries in Asia. The peripheral countries on the other hand were those who were resource rich and highly under developed like the countries of Latin America and Africa. The world systems theory is a more of a Marxian approach of understanding under development especially in Latin America. It is a materialist theory as it sees the political and cultural, socio and religious aspects of a country all determined by the economy and it is a systems analysis because all of this is seen as one organisation. The world systems theory is a critique of capitalism and finds it precursors in the Annales school as well as the dependency theories. The period after World War II marked the age of decolonization in the world. Many former colonies were now independent nations, but, they were still under developed. The strategy offered to them to overcome this underdevelopment was to follow a path of modernization akin to the western model. Development theorist like Rostow advocated his five stages of growth. These were all compulsory stages by which a country has to pass through to become a developed nation starting from the first stage which is that of being a poor nation. So Western Modernization replaced Western Colonialism. But then scholars like the promoters of the dependency theory shunned this approach saying in fact Western modernisation embedded in capitalism was detrimental to the state. We shall now follow the paper through a brief note on capitalism. This will be followed by a glimpse into the precursors of the world systems theory such as the dependency theory. A look on what the world systems analysis is and how it affects governance and finally we shall look at the critiques of the world system analysis. Capitalism Capitalism as understood by most is the maximisation of profit. Capitalism according to thinkers like Weber was successful because of a spirit it embodied this spirit according to Weber was in the Calvinist and Protestant ethic. Weber went further to say that it was in fact a Judaic ethic. This was supported by Sombart who became a sympathizer of the Nazis and like Ford were anti-Semitic. They were of the opinion that international finance was controlled by men of a single and peculiar race. Wallerstein himself says that there are certain epochs of capitalism and divided his analysis of the determining elements of the modern world into four such epochs; the formation of the European world economy from 1450 to 1650; the consolidation of this system from 1640 to 1815; the technological transformation which was the industrial revolution between 1815 to 1917 and the consolidation of this capitalist world economy from 1917 onwards. However in the period of the 1890s to the 1920s a French speaking-critique of work of Sombart and Weber emerged. This was the school of Henri Pirenne. Pirenne developed a materialist theory of social and economic causation. He claims that the Viking raids were a consequence of the displacement of the Mediterranean trade routes to the north by the Muslim conquests. Thus in saying so he challenges Weber and Sombarts claim that capitalism is a spirit and a mentality but in the revival of towns and trade routes in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Annales school of thought followed in Pirennes footsteps to develop a materialist bottom-up approach to understand economic and social history. While Weber and Sombart saw capitalism in its industries Pirenne saw its roots since the medieval times though the two parties both agreed on the fact that capitalisms main object was profit. This accumulation of profit as the main objective of capitalism proved to be very detrimental to the former colonies, called the Third World. The third world was characterised by huge labour resources, poverty, huge deposits of natural resources and raw materials as well as food grains. Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Columbia were in the 1950s predicted to become major players on the world economic stage. They all possessed sufficient internal markets to propel growth; a formidable industrial base; abundant reserves of raw materials; powerful stimuli to grow nationally and; satisfactory formations of domestic capital.1 Yet in the end these five countries became trapped in a dependent state on the developed nations. During the days when colonial countries had paramount power the view of development effectuated by Europeans was to exploit and draw profit from the resources of the non European world. This view supposes then that development of the European colonies was not to happen. However, out of the moral and political duty that seemed to bear upon the colonists to develop their resource bases as it represented a material and moral good for the world. There was therefore no harm in exploiting the resources of the colonies as it seemed that the white mans burden to develop these civilizations was an adequate transaction between the two parties. Post 1945 there was a decolonizing process in the world. Countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America were freeing themselves off the colonial yoke. There was a surge of anti-colonial sentiments and assertiveness in these old colonies. Development at this juncture began to be defined by the belief that there was no need for a colonial master to develop them. There was an assertion that the colonies left to themselves could develop by their own endeavours. There was thus in India a call for Swadeshi and the call for the rise of indigenous industries and the growth of indigenous capital. However the assumption was faulty in the line that modernity and development was in actuality defined by the adoption of strategies of the global North and the technology of the North. Latin authors called this new ideology as developmentalism. The Soviet Union called it socialism and the United States called it economic development. This ideology of developmentalism was favoured by many countries of the North and they offered aid to the countries to help them out in their objective. The Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL) developed a new language of core-periphery relations used primarily to justify program import-substitution industrialization. The more radical Latin American scholars called this dependency which needed to be fought against so that the dependent countries could develop. Then in the 1970s the oil turmoil in the world took place. The villain it was said was developmentalism. Import-substitution industrialization was perceived as corrupt protectionism. State building was deconstructed as feeding a bloated bureaucracy. Financial aid was seen as money wasted. It was decided that loans to states in distress, to be beneficial, needed to be hed ged by requirements that these states cut out wasteful state expenditures on items like schools and health. State institutions were proclaimed as inefficient and should be privatized so as to be responsive to the market and therefore reach maximum efficiency. The Dependency school which saw capitalism as a system of exchanges. The dependency school of thought see the poverty of the South as a result of low prices for the exports of primary products to the North and as a result of the deteriorating terms of trade the countries of the South failed to industrialise and remain as raw material and food suppliers to the North. For example Argentina in the 1900s was considered to be a very important country and its rise was very anticipated. However, due to lopsided terms of trade and unequal exchange relations with other industrialised economies countries of the global South had become according to Andre Gunder Frank underdeveloped. Unlike Rostows model of development which starts by showing that all the countries are in the beginning poor and then shift through different trajectories of development to become developed countries Frank said that it was only in the exchanges with the north that the economies had lost their balance internally and hence failed to accumulate capital domestically and industrialise on their own. In his essay on the sociology of development and underdevelopment Frank critised the assumption that by following stages of growth poor countries could become developed by replicating the path of the developed nations. This path was marked by the ability to exploit other lesser developed countries. A global structure emerges in which a metropolis or the core imposes itself on satellites in the south through colonialism. They could force the satellite countries to produce cash crops or raw material for the core which was essential for their industries which they resold to the countries of the south. The World System Theory The world systems theory speaks of a polarised world and a polarising world at the economic reality. Wallerstein argues that the people of the South saw that there were people better off than them and they aspired towards this. The North saw this as a tinderbox and wanted to quell the threat by putting in intellectual discussions about development and globalisation that were respectable but in retrospect misguided. They wanted that the rest of the world aspire to reach qualities of life present in countries like Denmark. But at the same time there could be alternatives to this. The gap between the core of history has grown wider not smaller as is evidenced in society, even if some countries have improved their standing in the distribution of wealth. The World Systems theory departs from all here in the notion that capitalism develops as a comprehensive structural constraint at the international level. It combines a core where the social transformations have taken place, with a periphery that is equally a part of the capitalist system. The division of labour was the systemic constraint according to Wallerstein which is bounded in a specific way, internally structured, regulated, centralises and subject to functional mechanisms such as self sustenance trough specialisation. This strategy was firstly one that wanted a political empire where lands were connected into the long distance trading system. The second strategy was of functional specialisation in which each state seeks to adapt its actions to the functional requirements of its place in the system. The strategy of functional specialisation included minimising overhead costs by abandoning territorial imperial ambitions and fiscal policies and to adopt instead mercantilist or protective policies. This resulted in accumulation of capital at the core and consistently reinforces the position of the state in the division of labour. The periphery which also has specialised functions even though they are the production of raw material and food grains however unlike in the core the labour relation is mostly of a bonded nature. The semi periphery assumes the tasks of both the core and the periphery. The basic strength of capitalism has been two fold (Wallerstein,1984); on the one hand it has been able to accumulate capital at all costs and on the other it has put into place political structures to guarantee this accumulation of capital. It happens that workers demand for higher renummeration and the factory gives in because it goes into paying this additional money would not affect it too much. However, when the same workers press for more renummeration the factory relocates or is a runaway factory. The existence of a large pool of rural labour for whom urban waged employment at whatever level of renumeration. So as Wallerstein argues that as wage rates goes up in one part of the world it is followed by another section in the world willing to work at a much lower wage. However, this new urban wage labourer historically then becomes less urbanely disoriented and asks for more benefits, here again the factory shifts to another zone. Wallerstein then argues that there has been a de crease in the number of zones to which the factory can flee to and this is called deruralization of the world. The costs of input is dependent on the percentage what the owner wants to pay as inputs and he does so by avoiding all these input costs and shifting it to others. This is called the externalization of costs. The three principles of externalisation are detoxification, renewal of primary resources and infrastructure. Detoxification is easily understood by taking the example of dumping sites. Garbage is dumped in a new site and the costs of this dumping activity is slow to show itself. E-Waste dumping in China may be taken as an example where the electronic waste from all over the globe is collected and dumped in China. However, sites to dump all this new waste is running out. To remedy this, projects are taken up either by the governments or individuals to clean up the mess. Now there is more knowledge as well about the cost and damages that this dumping is causing on the environment. Who then pays for this cleaning up? One argument is that you internalise the cost and you make the pr oducer of the waste pay for it. The other example is of the carbon market where developed countries are buying the carbon credits of developing and underdeveloped nations so that their industries are free to emit polluting articles into the environment. Atul Kohli says that industrialisation is a major component of development of a country; even then it is not the only factor. He says that industrialization involves a procedure of societal change. Industrialization is therefore possible in a situation of political stability, the availability of experienced entrepreneurs and of a capable urban work force.2 This was found in countries like England and hence capitalism was easier to come out there. Berand argues that trade has developed by leaps and bounds because of better transport and communication facilities. The post-war GATT brought about the end of protectionism, economic warfare and hostility. There was also a spurt of new companies which were multinational in character and had easy capital flows in different countries. Like Wallerstein argued, there was a lack of new spaces for the core countries from whence to get resources from. Berend adds that the new division of labour has led to many of the core countries to transport their raw material extraction activities to the peripheral countries. These activities which are labour intensive and highly polluting are shifted to peripheral countries for the cheaper labour cost and less restrictive environmental regulations. As a consequence of the shift there was a huge amount of deindustrialisation in the advanced countries. However the industries that shifted to the South were those which were not highly advanced and more la bour intensive, the more important sectors like research and development and fine chemical industries. There is persistent exploitation in the periphery by the core and the semi periphery. Therefore, according to Wallerstein the state managers should not blindly continue to increase production in the sectors that define them as part of the periphery. Wallerstein argues that peripheral states should not try to produce any more raw materials but should try to emancipate themselves from their structural peripheral positions by changing their productive contribution to the division of labour. There is an understanding that the concept of state and society exist in the same juridical diameter. According to Wallerstein these two organisations are operated by the same individuals. Thus this fits into the idea of the nation which refers to a society that has a state to itself, or has the moral right to have a state to itself; the right to self determination. Wallerstein says that in saying this there is a difficulty of defining the boundaries of a nation. Therefore he uses the measure of interdependent productive activities, or the effective social division of labour, or an economy. He says that in modern history the dominant effective boundaries of the capitalist world economy has expanded from its stand in the sixteenth century to encompass the entire world. This new world economy is constituted by cross-cutting network of productive processes so that there are a number of backward or forward linkages on which these processes are dependent on. There is also state pressure that affects the labourer. It governs the relationship as Wallerstein says between the bourgeois and the proletariat. Then it governs the relationship among the bourgeois. Wallerstein says that the states are constantly changing in form, strength and boundaries through the interplay of the interstate system. The commodity chains also become longer and more intertwined in the machinery and therefore there has been a constant pressure by the strong against the weak. The pressure has become more concentrated in the chains that are the easiest to monopolize in a few areas core processes in core areas and more and more of the processes that require less skilled and more extensive manpower that is easiest to keep at a low income level in other areas peripheral areas. Wallerstein says that parallel to the economic polarization there is also the political polarization between the stronger states in the core areas and weaker states in peripheral areas. A strong state is not one that is authoritarian but one which can maximize the conditions for profit making by its enterprises within the world economy. This may mean the creation of quasi monopoly situations or restraining others from doing the same to its disadvantage. The strength of a stronger state according to Wallerstein is measured by its ability to minimize all quasi monopolies or to enforce the doctrine of free trade. There are also the states that sit in between the core and the periphery called semiperipheral states. They are usually attached to a core state for benefits. These states at times of difficulty of capital accumulation take advantage of the situation and become freer of the control of the core states. They are freer to play among their rivals and create new quasi monopolistic constraints. However if they are too weak they return back to the imperialistic fold. Wallerstein says that in an interstate system, state are actors, but, at the same time they are organisations. The world economy, as different from international economy is a complex of language, religion, ideologies. There exists a Weltanschauung of imperium. The major social institutions of the capitalist world economy the states, the classes the peoples are all shaped by the ongoing workings of the world economy. World Systems Theory and Governance According to some interpretations of Wallerstein works, he is more in favour of looking at the macro. He says that the world is more than just a limited to a certain space therefore it is the entire processes in the globe which brings about this relationship between the core and the peripheral areas. According to the dependency theorist it is not so much the state that is now responsible for the shifts in the international affairs but it is the dynamic of economic forces. The achievement of the modern world in technology has made it possible for the flow of surplus from the lower to the upper strata; from periphery to the core by eliminating the political superstructure. The world systems theory sees the correlation between the economic position occupied by owners- producers in the world market economy and the state. The state strengths is determined by five independent measures of political strength. These include the extent to which state policy can compete in the world market economy (mercantilism); the extent to which states can affect the capacity of other states to compete (in military power); the ability of states to mobilize resources to perform these competitive and military tasks at the cost that they do not eat into the profits of their owner-producers; the capacity of states to create administration that permits the swift carrying out of tactical decisions (or an effective bureaucracy); and the degree to which the political rules reflect a balance of interest among owners-producers such that a working hegemonic bloc forms the stable underpinnings of such a state. 3Wallerstein believes that the decline in the state power has actually incre ased the freedom of action of capitalistic enterprises which have now become multinational corporations(MNCs). Wallerstein minimises the role of the state according to Tony Smith, to such an extent that he says that there are no socialist systems nor are there feudal systems because there is only one world system. The state no longer fights the socio-economic battles but it is the classes. These five factors are the political and economic factors of state strength and reciprocally linked because economic efficiency adds to the strength of the state. In the core states where there is more economic efficiency states have less need to intervene in the world market economy. To Wallerstien the state is most active in states with moderate strength. Thus from this argument it follows that in the core the presence of a centralized and powerful state institutional political structure is thus an indication of weakness rather than strength. This is so because the presence of a strong bourgeois ie class would agree to the collective arrangements that require a strong king to impose. In the semi-periphery the weakness of the owner-producers requires direct state involvement in the extraction of surplus strong state institutions as an indication of strength. Those state in the periphery were seen as the weakest as they have very weak institutional power structures. Wallerstein also uses the dominant class structures to explain the movement of states within the capitalist world economy residing outside the core. He takes for example the case of Sweden and Prussia. He says that the institutional political structures present in the states enabled the states to extract economic surplus. In the case of Sweden the autonomy of its peasantry and corresponding weakness of the its landowning aristocracy4 made it possible. While in Prussia the ability to use military force under the inspiration and support of the Junker class which helped it to gather this surplus through wars and territorial expansion. The state too will intervene only up to the point of its effectiveness in consolidating its power in the face of dominant class relation. Therefore state intervention presupposes a specific societal actor in the core and the periphery; the actor in the core is the dominant classs hegemonic bloc and in the semi-periphery is the centralized state. What has e merged in Kohlis argument is the neo-patrimonial state with the inability to distinguish between the public and the private sphere and the administration using its power and influence to gather benefits for its own self aggrandisement. The neopatrimonial state is a state wherein the centralised and cohesive nature actually do not lead to its industrialisation. The neo-patrimonial state which is weak in domestic capital invites other stronger capitalist groups to fill in the vacuum, to take up economic activities directly. Nigeria for example offered its oil in exchange for a ready source of income on demand. However, these commodity booms do not last very long because the political incapacity of the neo-patrimonial state. In Kohlis argument a developmental state has an almost defined public and private sphere. They are opposite to neo-patrimonial states and are characterized by cohesive politics, that is by centralized and goal oriented authority that penetrate deep into society. To reach these goals the developmental state attaches itself closely to a more developed state or group and in this political arrangement there is a tight control over labour. South Korea under Park Chung Hee and Brazil under Estado Novo are examples of such state, though they resemble fascists states of interwar Europe and Japan. Then there are states which attempt to pursue several goals simultaneously. Industrialisation, agriculture, redistribution welfare is at times politicised either because of intraelite conflicts or because state authority does not penetrate deep enough in society to touch and control the lower class. India and Brazil in several periods exemplify this type of state. Wallerstein says that the relation between state strength and autonomy is very close as determined by the strength of its dominant class and the role played by its owner-producers in the capitalist economy division of labour. While the British state was less autonomous than the absolute monarchy of France its mercantilist class of Britain, the element of strength made the British mercantilist to take on a tailor made rather than a readymade character. Within this core the dominant class force limits the autonomy of the state and the state strength. Outside the core there is a highly centralized state to provide extra market assistance to increase efficiency. State autonomy is neither presupposed or seen as something that explains state action. As Poulantzas5 presupposes the existence of relative state autonomy and invokes it as a functional explanation of how capitalist social formations come to be in close contact. Wallerstein on the other hand, treats relative state autonomy as som ething that varies with the sources of a states power that are related to the structure of its dominant class and integration into the capitalist economy. State autonomy is related to state strengths in different contexts according to particular world contexts and can be functional or dysfunctional. It serves as a descriptive concept whose content varies across conjunctures. Conclusion Wallersteins theory is at times historically inconsistent. As Tony Smith, however says that Wallerstein is wrong in his discussion of state power. As Theda Skocpol points out, the strong states in the sixteenth century were not at the core; in England and Holland but on the periphery; in Spain and Sweden. Alexander Gerschenkron according to Smith6 has demonstrated that the late industrialisers were successful because of exceptionally strong state structures that were determined to modernise. The peripheral countries like Russia, Japan and Germany could not have developed without the vigorous leadership of the state. The major flaw of Wallersteins Volume I treatment of state formation and structures, according to Skocpol and Brenner are drawn from his insistence that productive hierarchies facilitates the operation of unequal exchange enforced on weak states by the stronger states. However the counter argument is that countries like England and Holland which had the strongest economie s failed to develop absolute states like Sweden or Prussia which were in the periphery and the semi periphery. The world systems theory has often been criticised for its overarching focus on economics. Economic growth is important to the development of the state, but it is not the only underlying factor o development for a country. There are other such measures like sociopolitical development, redistribution of resources and other things. References Berend, Ivan T Globalization and its Impact on Core Periphery Relations, UCLA Center for European and Eurasian Studies Conference Papers, Paper 1, Los Angeles, 2004 Garst, Daniel Wallerstein and His Critics in Theory and Society, Vol 14, No. 4, July 1985 Kohli, A State Directed Development : Politics, Power and Industrialisation in the Global Periphery, Cambridge , CUP, 2004 pp 1 -26 New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Smith, Tony The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of the Dependency Theory; World Politics, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Jan., 1979), pp. 247-288. Stable URL : http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043871%28197901%2931%3A2%3C247%3ATUODLT%3E 2.0.CO%3B2-I Wallerstein, Immanuel -The Politics of the World Economy, The States, the Movements and Civilizations; Cambridge, CUP, 1984

Great Expectations and Family Relations :: Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens remains one of the most prominent and certainly the most commercially successful literary artist of nineteenth century England. In addition, Dickens enjoyed a large readership in America. The author’s success on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean stems from his entertaining literary style and his deep respect for social values and the human condition he encountered and incorporated into his writing. Dickens was a prolific writer who drew upon his personal experiences and integrated a certain comic pathos in his writing to delight his reading audience. Dickens can be aptly termed a chronicler of English life as his novels and stories accurately reflect various societal ills and joys of both urban and suburban England. Indeed, his novels and stories continue to amuse and sadden readers of all ages today. This unit will attempt to introduce Charles Dickens and his work to middle school students. The primary focus of this unit is to examine Great Expectations as a novel rich in familial relationships. The novel will be read and studied as a myriad of interacting families, and hopefully these insights will be suitably translated to my students in such a manner as to heighten their awareness of familial relationships they encounter on a daily basis. Great Expectations will allow my students to experience glimpses of nineteenth century English family life as Dickens most capably perceived it. The questions and concerns evoked by the novel will also cause the students to reflect upon family concerns of twentieth century America. Although Dickens was one of eight children and fathered ten himself making him somewhat of a viable source concerning family relationships, the reader is cautioned not to expect only a discussion of the nuclear family from this unit but also a wide array of f amily-like relationships which are characteristic in Dickens’ writing. Great Expectations is a novel of hope and heartbreak, identity and intrigue. The story focuses upon a central character, Pip, who relates his adventures to the reader through Dickens’ stylistic use of the first person point of view. Pip is raised by his sister and her husband, Joe Gargery. Pip’s parents had already died and were buried in the graveyard by the marshes when we first meet him at the age of seven. The reader learns much from Dickens in the opening scenes of the story by his treatment of the family relationship which had been of primary importance to his central character.